Saint of the Day – 1 May – Saint Amator (344-418) Bishop and Confessor of Auxerre, France, the Bishop of Auxerre from 388 until his death on 1 May 418. A married man who lived in complete chastity with his wife Martha, he was granted the grace of Miracles and expelling demons. A tireless shepherd, he worked to totally eradicate paganism from his region. Patronages of Auxerre, agaubst Epilepsy, of the mentally ill. Also known as – Amatore, Amatre, Amatus, Amadour.
The Roman Martyrology reads today: “At Auxerre, St Amator, Bishop and Confessor.”
According to his Life, contained in a 9th Century manuscript but believed to have been written in the 7th Century by a Monk, Stephen Africanus, Amator was born in Auxerre in 344 of a wealthy merchant family and was educated by St Valerian, the City’s Bishop.
Although married by his parents’ will to the noble and wealthy Martha of the City of Langres, he lived with her in perfect chastity and became a Deacon.
St Amator performed many miracles and expelled the demons which inhabited the ruins surrounding the City. Upon the death of Helladius, St Valerian’s successor, he was elected as the Bishop and carried out his ministry with determination, eradicating the last traces of paganism from his See and miraculously overcoming the resistance of a certain Rutilius to cede his lands for the construction of the new Cathedral, dedicated to St Stephen the First Martyr.
A journey to Antioch to acquire the Relics of Saints Cyrus and Julitta and the selection of St Germanus, his successor, as Deacon and then Bishop, complete the picture of a zealous and far-sighted shepherd.
St Amator’s death on 1 May 418, after 30 years of Episcopate, gave rise to a cult which rapidly pread to Catalonia where Charlemagne sent a Relic of St Amator. The ancient Church, built over his Tomb in Rhe was destroyed during the Revolution and some of his Relics were dispersed.
Reliquary of St Amator
St Amator is invoked above all as a healer of the mentally ill and of epileptics, who would lie on his Tomb seeking his intercession in prayer.
St Aceolus of Amiens St Acius of Amiens St Aldebrandus of Fossombrone St Amator (344-418) Bishop and Confessor of Auxerre St Ambrose of Ferentino St Andeolus of Smyrna Bl Arigius of Gap St Arnold of Hiltensweiler St Asaph of Llanelwy St Augustine Schöffler
St Benedict of Szkalka OSB (Died 1012) Monk and Hermit
St Ceallach of Killala St Cominus of Catania Evermarus of Rousson Bl Felim O’Hara St Grata of Bergamo St Isidora of Egypt St Jeremiah the Prophet St John-Louis Bonnard Bl Klymentii Sheptytskyi St Marculf St Orentius of Auch St Orentius of Loret St Patientia of Loret
St Peregrine Laziosi OSM (1260-1345) The “Angel of Good Counsel,” Priest of the Servite Order (The Order of Servants of Mary), Apostle of the poor and the sick, Miracle-worker, Spiritual Advisor. Patronages – against cancer, against breast cancer, against open sores, against skin diseases, AIDS patients, sick people, Diocese of Forli-Bertinoro, Italy, City of Forli, Italy. St Peregrine’s body is Incorrupt. Beautiful St Peregrine: https://anastpaul.com/2020/05/01/saint-of-the-day-1-may-saint-peregrine-laziosi-osm-1260-1345-today-is-the-675th-anniversary-of-his-death/
Bl Petronilla of Moncel
St Richard Pampuri OH (1897-1930) aged 33 – Italian Religious of the Hospitallers of St John of God, Medical Doctor, Founder of the Band of Pius X (a Youth movement) which he dedicated to the medical care of poor people, Third Order Franciscan. He was an outstanding lover of the Holy Eucharist in Adoration and an avid Marian devotee, as well as living out his short but faith-filled life in total charity to all the needy and poor. His Zealous Service: https://anastpaul.com/2019/05/01/saint-of-the-day-1-may-saint-richard-pampuri-oh-1897-1930/
Saint of the Day – 30 April – St Donatus (4th Century) Bishop of Evraea in modern Albania, Miracle-worker. Renowned for his great sancity and many miracles.
The Roman Martyrology reads today: “At Eurea in Epirus, St Donatus, a Bishop, who was eminent for sanctity in the time of the Emperor Theodosius.”
St Donatus is venerated as a Saint for his outstanding sanctity and miracles.
Although the details of his life are confused with those of Saint Donatus of Arezzo in Italy. His fame as a Miracle-worker is attested by Sozomen, who recounts his victory over a dragon which terrorized the region and his miraculous creation of a spring.
St Donaturs is celebrated on 30 April in the Roman Martyrology and his cult spread widely across in many regions and over many Centuries, with Emperor Justinian dedicating two fortresses to him.
Donatus died around 387 and became the Patron Saint of ancient Epirus. It is said that his Relics were brought to the Convent of Our Lady on the Island of Murano, near Venice.
Bl Hildegard the Empress St Lawrence of Novara St Louis of Córdoba St Mariano of Acerenza St Maximus of Ephesus St Mercurialis of Forlì St Peter of Córdoba St Pomponius of Naples St Quirinus of Rome St Rodopiano of Aphrodisias St Sophia of Fermo St Swithbert the Younger Bl Ventura of Spello
Martyrs of Montpellier: A group of 70 Mercedarian Friars, led by Blessed Luigi Puell, who were Martyred by Huguenots for trying to bring people back to the Catholic Church. They were Martyred in 1567 in Montpellier, France.
Saint of the Day – 29 April – Saint Paulinus (Died c545) Bishop and Confessor of Brescia in Italy. St Paulinus served his flock and the Church at Brescia for 21 years.
The Roman Martyrology reads today: “At Brescia, St Paulinus, Bishop and Confessor.”
St Paulinus was Consecrated as the Bishop of Brescia in 524, thus making his service as the shepherd of his See for 21 years until his death in around 545.
Little is known of his life, although he is presumed to have been a zealous defender of both his flock and the Church, both its doctrine against heresies and its physical presence in the region.
St Paulinus’ Relics are enshrined and venerated in the Church of San Pietro in Oliveto which is the old Cathedral of the See.
St Peter Martyr/ of Verona OP (1205–1252) Martyr, Priest and Friar of the Order of Preachers, , a celebrated Preacher, Miracle-worker, Marian devotee. He served as Inquisitor in Lombardy, was murdered by an assassin and was Canonised 11 months after his death, making his the fastest Canonisation in history. His Life: https://anastpaul.com/2019/04/29/saint-of-the-day-29-april-st-peter-of-verona-op-1205-1252/
Abbots of Cluny: A feast that recognises the great and saintly early Abbots of Cluny Abbey:
Saint Aymardus of Cluny
Saint Berno of Cluny
Saint Hugh of Cluny
Saint Mayeul
Saint Odilo of Cluny
Saint Odo of Cluny
Saint Peter the Venerable
St Ava of Denain St Daniel of Gerona St Dichu St Endellion of Tregony St Fiachan of Lismore
St Hugh of Cluny (1024-1109) St Hugh the Great, Priest and Royal Prince, Abbot of Cluny from 1049 until his death., Founder-builder of numerous Monasteries, Convents , Hospitals and the biggest Church in Europe (the Abbey Church at C luny) prior to the building of St Peter’s, apostle of the poor, the sick, the marginalised by the feudal system, ecclesiastical Reformer, holy father to his Monks and servant to all who needed him,. He was one of the most influential leaders of the monastic orders from the Middle Ages. St Hugh the Great: https://anastpaul.com/2021/04/29/saint-of-the-day-29-april-st-hugh-of-cluny-1024-1109-st-hugh-the-great/
St Gundebert of Gumber St Juan Vargas St Paulinus (Died c545) Bishop and Confessor of Brescia Bl Robert Gruthuysen St Senan of Wales
St Severus of Naples (Died 409) Bishop of Naples for 46 years, Confessor, friend of St Ambrose, constructor of four Basilicas and the first Baptistry in the West. The Roman Martyrology reads: “In Naples, St Severus, Bishop, loved by St Ambrose, as a brother and, by his Church ,as a father.” Fascinating fact: The City of Naples has more than 50 official Patron Saints, although its principal Patron is the Martyr Bishop, Saint Januarius.(Died c 304). His life here: https://anastpaul.com/2017/09/19/saint-of-the-day-19-september-st-januarius/ St Severus is one of those 50 and the full list is contained in his biography, below. His Life: https://anastpaul.com/2022/04/29/saint-of-the-day-29-april-saint-severus-of-naples-died-409/
St Theoger St Torpes of Pisa St Tychicus St Wilfrid the Younger
Martyrs of Cirta: A group of Clergy and Laity Martyred together in Cirta, Numidia (in modern Tunisia) in the persecutions of Valerian. They were – Agapius, Antonia, Emilian, Secundinus and Tertula, along with a woman and her twin children whose names have not come down to us.
Martyrs of Corfu: A gang of thieves who converted while in prison, brought to the Faith by Saint Jason and Saint Sosipater who had been imprisoned for evangelising. When the gang announced their new Faith, they were Martyred together. They were – Euphrasius, Faustianus, Insischolus, Januarius, Mammius, Marsalius and Saturninus. They were boiled in oil and pitch in the 2nd century on the Island of Corcyra (modern Corfu, Greece. Also known as: Martyrs of Corcyra, Seven Holy Thieves, Seven Holy Robbers, Seven Robber Saints.
Quote/s of the Day – 28 April – The Feast of St Paul of the Cross (1604-1775) Confessor, Found and St Louis Marie Grignion de Montfort (1673-1716)
“Happy the soul which detaches itself from its own pleasure, from its own will, from its own understanding. A sublime lesson is this and God will teach it, to all those who place their happiness in the Cross of Jesus Christ.”
“Whatever may happen to us, we ought not to be disturbed. Let us calmly and quietly say: ‘the Will of God be done’– let us leave all to God – the Lord be blessed forever – what He Wills, I will, in time and in eternity.”
St Paul of the Cross CP (1604-1775)
“[Jesus] is our only Master, Who must teach us; our only Lord, on Whom we must depend; our only Head, to Whom alone we should belong; our only Model, Whom we should imitate; our only Physician, Who must heal us; our only Shepherd, Who must feed us; our only Way, Who must lead us; our only Truth, Whom we must believe; our only Life, Who must be our life and our sole sufficiency in all things that, in Him, we may have all in All. Except the Name of Jesus, there is no other name given under Heaven, whereby we must be saved and apart from Jesus Christ, God has given us no other foundation of our salvation, our perfection and our glory! ”
“Never will anyone who says his Rosary everyday, be led astray. This is a statement that I would gladly sign with my blood.”
Hail Mary, Queen of Our Hearts, Our Mother Prayer in Honour of Mary By St Louis Marie de Montfort (1673-1716)
Hail Mary, Daughter of God the Father! Hail Mary, Mother of God the Son! Hail Mary, Spouse of the Holy Spirit! Hail Mary, Temple of the Most Holy Trinity! Hail Mary, our mistress, our wealth, our mystic rose. Queen of our hearts, our Mother, our life, our sweetness and our dearest hope! We are all Thine and all we have is thine. O Virgin, blessed above all things, may thy soul be in us, to magnify the Lord, may thy spirit be in us, to rejoice in God. Place thyself, O faithful Virgin, as a seal upon our hearts, that in thee and through thee, we may be found faithful to God. Grant, most gracious Virgin, that we may be numbered among those, whom thou art pleased to love, to teach and to guide, to favour and to protect, as thy children. Grant that with the help of thy love, we may despise all earthly consolations and cling to heavenly things, until through the Holy Spirit, thy faithful spouse and through thee, His faithful spouse, Jesus Christ, Thy Son, be formed within us for the glory of the Father. Amen
Saint of the Day – 28 April – Saint Pamphilus (Died c700) Bishop of Sulmona-Valva, Italy, a man of great chairty, especially to the poor and needy, a zealous shepherd to his sheep and a faithful missionary of the Gospel of Christ, also a prodiguous Miracle-worker. Patronage – the Cities of Scerni, Spoltore and Sulmona , Italy, the Diocese of Sulmona-Valva, Italy,.Also known as – Panfilo, … of Solmona-Valva, … of Sulmona.
The Roman Martyrology reads today: “At Pelino, in Abruzzo, St Pamphilus, Bishop of Valva, illustrious for his charity towards the poor and the gift of miracles. His body was buried at Solmona.”
Born in the 7th Century in Abruzzo near the village of Pacile, located 988 metres above sea level on the Mitra hill. Pamphilus was the son of a pagan who rejected and despised him when he converted to Christ.
In 682Pamphilus was elected as the Bishop of Sulmona-Valva. He is described as a very generous and kind soul and committed to the spread of the Gospel particularly among the Lombards
He died in Corfinio a City within his See near the Basilica of San Pelino da Brindisi Co-Cathedral of the of See of Sulmona-Valva.
He was immediately venerated by the faithful and buried outside the walls in a field on which the Cathedral of San Panfilo was later built. His Relics rest in a Sarcophagus in the Crypt of the new 18th Century Cathedral.
He is the Patron Saint of the City of Ocre, Scerni , Spoltore and Sulmona , where there are Churches dedicated to him.
One of Pamphilus many miracles is recorded as follows: his father ordered him to climb onto a cart and descend from Pacile down the steep descent to the valley below. At that point the mountain descent was impossible to navigage in a car. Instead, the wheels of the cart were sunk into the rock, so that Pamphilus could slowly descend into the valley. The tracks of the oxen and the grooves produced by the wheels can be seen on the mountaside still today!
Saint of the Day – 27 April – Saint Tertullian (Died c490) Bishop and Confessor of Bologna Italy.
The Roman Martyrology reads today: “At Bologna, St Tertullian, Bishop and Confessor.”
sS Peter’s Cathedral in Bologna
St Tertullian was the 8th Bishop of Bologna in Italy.
We have not received any information of his Ecclesiastical or his personal history except the approximate date of his death and the fact that he served during the time of the collapse of the Roman Empire.
He was called to protect the Church within his See from the harsh conditions ensuing from the tumultuous times which he fulfilled with zeal and faithful courage thus earning the triumphant title of Confessor.
St Peter Canisius SJ (1521-1597) – Known as “The Hammer of Protestantism,” “Second Apostle of Germany” – Confessor, Doctor of the Church, Dutch Priest of the Society of Jesus, Reformer, Teacher, Writer, Apostle of Charity. Patronages – Catholic Press, Germany, Catechists. The restoration of the Catholic Church in Germany after the Protestant Reformation is largely attributed to the work there of the Society of Jesus, which he led. “Peter Canisius was the first publisher, the first author, the first editor of the Society of Jesus. By now, Jesuits have followed in his footsteps to the tune of having published in 400 years, thousands of books. From the time of Canisius, and his name is first in the bibliography of Jesuit writers, from Peter Canisius to the end of the l9th century, that is to 1900, there are about twenty volumes of bibliography, each volume about two inches thick, stands about eighteen inches high, filled just with authors and titles, thousands and thousands and thousands, no other religious institute in the Church publishes as much as members of the Society. It was all started by Peter Canisius.” (Ven Servan of God Fr John A Hardon SJ) His Feast day is 27 April (General Roman Calendar, 1926–1969. Biography: https://anastpaul.com/2017/12/21/saint-of-the-day-21-december-st-peter-canisius-s-j-1521-1397-doctor-of-the-church/ AND: https://anastpaul.com/2018/12/21/saint-of-the-day-21-december-st-peter-canisius-s-j-1521-1397-the-second-apostle-of-germany-doctor-of-the-church/
St Adelelmus of Le Mans St Asicus of Elphin St Castor of Tarsus St Enoder St Floribert of Liege
Blessed Jakov Varingez OFM (c1400–1496) Croatian professed religious of the Order of Friars Minor, Apostle of charity, Mystic with a great devotion to the Cross of Christ, Marian devotee, he was noted as a miracle worker and levitated. He was Beatified on 29 December 1700 by Pope Clement XIH.His body is incorrupt. His Life: https://anastpaul.com/2019/04/27/saint-of-the-day-27-april-blessed-jakov-varingez-ofm-c-1400-1496/
St Peter Armengol OdeM (c1238-1304) “The Martyr who Wasn’t,” “The Unconquerable Martyr of Jesus Christ,” “The Gangster Saint,”Spanish Priest of the Mercedarian Friars, Penitent, Mystic. Beatified on 28 March 1686, by Pope Innocent XI and Canonised on 8 April 1687, by the same Pope. His body was incorrupt until it was destroyed during the horrors of the Spanish Civil War. A Miraculous Life: https://anastpaul.com/2022/04/27/saint-of-the-day-27-april-saint-peter-armengol-odem-c-1238-1304-the-martyr-who-wasnt/
St Pollio of Cybalae St Simeon of Jerusalem St Stephen of Tarsus St Tertullian (Died c490-) Bishop and Confessor of Bologna St Theophilus of Brescia St Winewald of Beverley
St Zita of Lucca (1212-1272) Virgin, Laywoman, Apostle of the Poor. – Her reputation was such that Dante in the Inferno referred to the City of Luccam, her birthplace and home, as “Santa Zita.” Patronages – housewives, butlers, housemaid, domestic servants (proclaimed by Pope Pius XII), housemaid, eys, manservants, people ridiculed for their piety, rape victims, servers, single laywomen, waiters, Lucca, Italy. Her body is incorrupt. Lovely St Zita:. https://anastpaul.wordpress.com/2017/04/27/saint-of-the-day-27-april-st-zita-of-lucca/
Martyrs of Nicomedia: A group of Christians murdered together for their faith. In most cases all we have are their names – Dioscurus, Evanthia, Felicia, Felix, Germana, Germelina, Johannes, Julius, Laetissima, Nikeforus, Papias, Serapion and Victorinus. They died at Nicomedia, Bithynia, Asia Minor (modern Izmit, Turkey).
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Saint of the Day – 26 April – Saint Lucidius (4th Century) Bishop of Verona in Italy. A holy and Zealous shepherd particularly dedicated to teaching the Faith to his flock.
The Roman Martyrology reads today: “At Verona, St Lucidius, Bishop.”
Verona Basilica of St Stephen
We have little knowledge of our Saint’s life and history or his personal life.
Ecclesiastical records do however reveal that he is revered for his holiness and learning, devoting himself in a tirelessly to study and prayer, in order to be the better fitted to instruct his flock.
Lucidius’ Relics are enshrined in the Basilica of Saint Stephen in Verona where he is venerated and honoured particularly on his Feast today.
St Pope Marcellinus (Died 304) Martyr, Bishop of Rome from 30 June 296 to his death in 304. The Roman Martyrology reads: “In the same City [Rome], in the time of Maximian, St Marcellinus, Pope and Martyr, who was beheaded for the Faith of Christ, with Claudius, Cyrinus and Antoninus. So great was the persecution at this time that, within a month, seventeen thousand Christians were crowned with Martyrdom.” His Life and Death: https://anastpaul.com/2023/04/26/saint-of-the-day-26-april-saint-pope-marcellinus-died-304-martyr/
Bl Alda of Siena St Antoninus of Rome St Basileus of Amasea (Died c319) Martyr Bishop
St Claudius of Rome St Cyrinus of Rome St Exuerantia Virgin of Troyes. Her relics are venerated in Troyes, France. No other information has survived. Bl Gregory of Besians St Lucidius (4th Century) Bishop of Verona in Italy
Saint of the Day – 25 April – St Stephen (Died c471) Bishop Martyr of Antioch, Defender of the Truth and the Church of Christ. Born in Antioch and died their by drowing. Bishop of Antioch from 451 to 471. The image below is St Stepehn the Fiorst Martyr with the Palm of Martyrdom.
The Roman Martyrology reads today: “At Antioch, St Stephen, Bishop and Martyr, who suffered much from the heretics opposed to the Council of Chalcedon and was precipitated into the River Orontes in the time of the Emperor Zeno.”
Information about Stephen’s birth and youth is fragmentary. We know that he was born in Antioch in Syria, at the time an important cultural and religious centre, into a fervent Christian family.
His theological education likely took place in Antioch itself, where he distinguished himself by his intellectual acumen and profound knowledge of the Scriptures.
In 451, Stephen was Consecrated as the Bishop of Antioch, succeeding Maximus II. His Episcopate coincided with a period of Ecclesiastical turmoil, marked by the Monophysite heresy which divided the Church.
Stephen firmly supported the orthodox doctrine, defined at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 which condemned Monophysitism and affirmed the dual natures of Christ, human and divine.
His theological positions attracted opposition from Monophysite heretics, who persecuted him bitterly. Stephen faced slander, violence and even exile. In 471, under Emperor Zeno, who favoured Monophysitism, his suffering reached its peak and he was arrested, tortured and finally thrown into the Orontes River, where he died by drowning.
Saint Stephen is venerated as a Martyr and his liturgical Feast is celebrated on today.
St Anianus (Died c 86) 2nd Bishop of Alexandria, after St Mark and succeeding him. Consecrated by St Mark and disciple of St Mark. He was Ordained by St Mark and was also the first convert Mark won for Christ in the region, in c 48. As St Mark was entering Rakotis, a suburb of Alexandria, the strap of his sandal broke. He found a cobbler, St Anianus, to repair it. While he was working on the sandal, the awl slipped in Anianus’ hand, piercing it. Anianus cried ‘“He is ho Theos” (“God is one”) in response to the pain. Mark took the opportunity to preach the Gospel of Christ to him, at the same time. https://anastpaul.com/2021/04/25/saint-of-the-day-25-april-st-anianus-of-alexandria-died-c-86-sucessor-and-disciple-of-st-mark-the-evangelist/
St Heribaldus of Auxerre St Hermogenes of Syracuse St Kebius St Macaille St Macedonius St Mario Borzaga St Pasicrate of Mesia St Phaebadius of Agen St Philo of Antioch St Robert of Syracuse Bl Robert Anderton St Stephen (Died c471) Bishop Martyr of Antioch St Valenzio of Mesia Bl William Marsden
Saint of the Day – 24 April – Saint Gregory (Died c394) Bishop and Confessor of Elvira (near modern Granada) in Spain, Defender of the True Faith against heresies, an writer of extremely elegant and exegetical literary and doctrinal ability, many of his writings and sermons have come down to us. Also known as – Gregory Baeticus.
The Roman Martyrology reads today: “At Elvira in Spain, St Gregory, Bishop and Confessor.”
Unknown Spanish Bishop
St Gregory was the first known Bishop of Elvira (Illiberis) near Granada. He was a great defender of the Council of Nicaea and preached against Hosius of Cordova during the disputes on the formulas of Sirmium (357).
He is said to have died around 394. His status in the history of Bishops has been greatly enhanced following research which discovered or identified his writings, often handed down under different names.
Gregory was a writer of great literary and doctrinal skill and his influence is clearly traceable in later writers such as Apringius of Beja, Saint Isidore of Seville, Beatus of Liebàna, etc. His sermons reflect great pastoral zeal and profound piety which lead him to emphasise spiritual and moral themes. St Gregory’s devotion to the humanity of Christ is distinguished.
In 961, his Feast appeared for the first time in the Calendar of Cordoba and Usuard, after his journey to Spain, introduced it into his Martyrology; on the same date (24 April) he is commemorated in the Roman Martyrology.
St Fidelis of Sigmaringen OFM Cap (1577-1622) Priest of the Capuchins of the Friar’s Minor and Martyr, Lawyer, Philosopher, Teacher, Apostle of Eucharistic Adoration and charity Known as “The Poor Man’s Lawyer” St Fidelis was Beatified on 24 March 1729 by Pope Benedict XIII and Canonised on 29 June 1746, Rome by Pope Benedict XIV His Life and Death: https://anastpaul.wordpress.com/2017/04/24/saint-of-the-day-24-april-st-fidelis-of-sigmaringen/
St Alexander of Lyon St Anthimos of Nicomedia St Authairius of La Ferté St Bova of Rheims St Deodatus of Blois St Diarmaid of Armagh St Doda of Rheims St Dyfnan of Anglesey
St Egbert (c639-c729) Confessor, Priest, Monk, Reformer, Missionary, Teacher. The Roman Martyrology reads: “On the Island of Iona in Scotland, Saint Egbert, Priest and Monk, who worked with dedication for the evangelisation of many regions of Europe and, now, advanced in years, reconciled the Monks of Iona, with the use Roman of the Paschal Rectum, celebrating his eternal Easter, immediately after having officiated its Solemnity.” His Fervent Life of Service: https://anastpaul.com/2023/04/24/saint-of-the-day-24-april-st-egbert-c639-c729-confessor-priest/
St Eusebius of Lydda St Gregory (Died c394) Bishop and Confessor of Elvira in Spain St Honorius of Brescia Bishop
St Mary Euphrasia Pelletier (1796-1868) Nun, Foundress of the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd. Patronages – Good Shepherd Sisters, travellers. On 11 December 1897, Pope Leo XIII declared her “Venerable.” She was Beatified on 30 April 1933 and Canonised on 2 May 1940 by Venerable Pope Pius XII. About St Mary Euphrasia: https://anastpaul.wordpress.com/2018/04/24/saint-of-the-day-24-april-st-mary-euphrasia-pelletier-1796-1868/
Saint of the Day – 23 April – Saint Marolus (Died 423) Bishop and Confessor of Milan. A learned and erudite man of deep charity and ascetric and penential devotions. His fasting and penances he presented as a means of assisting his flock. He zealously taught and guided them and ensured he assisted by all means possible, those in need, thus earninmg the title of ‘Apostle of Charity’ Born and raised in Mesopotanua and died in Milan, Italy. Also known as – Marole, Marolo.
The Roman Martyrology reads today: “At Milan, St Marolus, Bishop and Confessor.”
Today, in Milan especially, the Ambrosian Church celebrates the memory of Saint Marolus, the 14th Bishop of Milan, who distinguished the 5th Century by his example of erudition and sanctity.
His Eastern origins are shrouded in mystery, as his name itself suggests which refers to a marine etymology (“one who comes from the sea” or “dweller on the coast”).
St Ennodius (c473-521), a Milanese Deacon and later Bishop of Pavia, in his “Life of Saint Marolus” describes him as a native of the region of Babylon, a land “kissed by the Tigris” and among the first “illuminated” by the Gospel and the blood of Martyrs.
Perhaps to escape the persecutions of Shapur II, St Marolus took refuge in Antioch in Syria and, later, in Rome, where he befriended Pope Innocent I.
His reputation as a cultured and zealous man preceded him to Milan, where in 408, he was Consecrated as the Bishop of that great City.
St Ennodius paints a vivid portrait of his Episcopate, emphasising Marolus’ attention to his pastoral mission, his tireless commitment and his dedication to fasting and penance as instruments of intercession for his flock. His apostolic zeal was combined with a profound charity for the poor, so much so that, Ennodius states: “He was ardent in his provision for the poor.”
His charitable works proved providential in a period marked by barbarian invasions, particularly of the Visigoths. As a testament to his concern for the vulnerable, Marolus promoted the construction of a a place of welcome for the needy.
After his death in 423, Saint Marolus’ body was buried in the Basilica of San Nazaro in Milan, where it remains to this day. His memory is highly preserved by the Ambrosian Church, which venerates him as a model of a learned and saintly Bishop, capable of combining doctrine with charity, a love of culture with dedication to his beloved sheep.
Blessed Giles of Assisi OFM (c1190-1262) Friar and Missionary of the Order of Friars Minor, Friend and the 3rd follower of St Francis. Giles held a leading place among the original Franciscans and St Francis called him “The Knight of our Round Table.” Giles was unlearned but a man of great wisdom, so much so, that all social classes came to learn aat his feet., he was a Mystic and man of deep contemplation and prayer. Wonderful Giles “The Knight of our Round Table:” https://anastpaul.com/2024/04/23/saint-of-the-day-23-april-blessed-giles-of-assisi-ofm-c1190-1262-the-third-follower-of-st-francis/
Bl Giles of Saumur
St Giorgio di Suelli (Died 1117) Italian Bishop of Suelli, Apostle of the poor, Miracle-worker. For the Diocese he was a true shepherd, a lover of the poor whom he helped and of whom he had a list. He was devoted to prayer and fasting and lived a life of penitence and poverty. A Shepherd’s Life: https://anastpaul.com/2021/04/23/saint-of-the-day-23-april-saint-giorgio-di-suelli-died-1117/
St Ibar of Meath St Marolus (Died 423) Bishop and Confessor of Milan St Pusinna of Champagne
Martyrs of Africa: A group of Christians murdered for their faith in northern Africa. Little information has survived but their names. The ones we know are – Catulinus, Chorus, Faustinus, Felicis, Felix, Nabors, Plenus, Salunus, Saturninus, Silvius, Solutus, Theodora, Theodorus, Theon, Ursus, Valerius, Venustus, Victorinus, Victurus, Vitalis.
Saint of the Day – 22 April – St Leo (Died c547) Bishop and Confessor of Sens, in France. A shepherd of great wisdom and graced with diplomatic skills, he protected and defender his flock in Sens, reformed the Clergy and refused to allow even the King and fellow Bishops to deny the rights of the Church and his faithful sheep. This zealous Prelate served within his See for around 22 years.
The Roman Martyrology reads today: “At Sens, St Leo, Bishop and Confessor.”
Sens Cathedral Stained Glass
Leo was the 16th Bishop of Sens after Paul and was a a prominent figure in 6th Century Gaul. Leo emerges from the mists of time as a wise and zealous Prelate.
His presence at the Councils of Orléans in 533 and 538 testifies to the authority he enjoyed while his impassioned letter to King Childebert I, aimed at preventing the creation of a Diocese in Melun at the expense of Sens, reveals his diplomatic skill and concern for the good of his Church.
An intriguing letter of remonstrance to Saint Remigius of Reims, co-signed by 2 further Bishops, offers a glimpse of his intransigence in the face of internal disciplinary issues within the Clergy.
His death which occurred around 547, is commemorated today, a date found in the Roman and and in the Hieronymian Martyrologies and too, in ancient litanies of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés.
The Solemnity of the Patronage of St Joseph Wednesday preceding the Third Sunday after Easter: Few Catholics are likely familiar with the Eastertide Solemnity of St Joseph. According to Father Francis Xavier Lasance (1860-1946) it was instituted during the hostile occupation of Rome by the Troops of the Italian King, Victor Emmanuel II. The Pope proclaimed St Joseph the Patron of the oppressed Household of the Faith, entrusting to St Joseph, the defence of Holy Mother Church.In the beginning, this Feast Day was observed on the Third Sunday after Easter but when Pope St Pius X reformed the Liturgical Calendar to restore the Sunday Offices to prominence over those of the Saints, the second Feast of St Joseph was moved to the Wednesday preceding the Third Sunday after Easter. In 1911, the Feast was raised to a Double of the First Class and it was assigned an Octave after it was moved to the Wednesday before the Third Sunday after Easter. It is a Common Octave, so the Octave may or may not be commemorated on the intra Octave days depending on the rank of the Feasts which occur during the Octave. While this Feast day is not in the 1962 Missal, it is still kept by Priests who celebrate Holy Mass according to the pre-1955 reforms.
Notre-Dames de Betharam / Our Lady of Betharam, France (1503) – 22 April: Saint Bernadette Soubirous frequently visited the Shrine of Betharram. In fact, the rosary beads that Bernadette used when praying with the Blessed Virgin during the first apparition at Lourdes had come from the Betharram Shrine and the priest to whom she was sent after the apparitions, was Saint Michel Garicoïts (1797-1863) the Priest of Betharram. He it was who alone believed Bernadette’s accounts of the apparitions at Lourdes. He was Canonised in 1947. About St Michel Garicoits here: https://anastpaul.com/2019/05/14/saint-of-the-day-14-may-saint-michel-garicoits-1797-1863/ HERE: https://anastpaul.com/2021/04/22/notre-dames-de-betharam-our-lady-of-betharam-france-1503/
St Pope Caius I (Died 296) Martyr, Bishop of Rome from 17 December 283 to his death in 296. Christian tradition makes him a native of the Dalmatian city of Salona, today Solin near Split, the son of a man also named Caius and a member of a noble family related to the Emperor Diocletian. Biography: https://anastpaul.com/2019/04/22/saint-of-the-day-22-april-saint-pope-caius-i-died-613/
Saint Altfried(Died 849) the Third Bishop of Münster from (839–849) and Abbot of Essen-Werden and Helmstedt. Born in the 9th Century, n Friesland (in modern Netherlands) and died on 22 April 849 of natural causes. Altfried was a nephew of St Ludger (c 742-809) and his second successor in the See of Münster, as well as a successor as Abbot of the Abbey of Essen-Werden (founded by St Ludger). The second successor was also a close relative, St Gerfried of Münster. Altfried also wrote a comprehensive Vita of St Ludger. St Altfried’s Life: https://anastpaul.com/2023/04/22/saint-of-the-day-22april-saint-altfried-of-munster-died-849/
St Apelles of Smyrna St Arwald St Epipodius of Lyon St Euflamia
Martyrs of Persia: Bishops, Priests, Deacons and Laity who were Martyred in Persia and celebrated together. Several of them have their stories related in the Acta of Saints Abdon and Sennen.
REFLECTION – “I shall always love and reverence the Apostles sent by Christ and their successors, in sowing the seed of the Gospel, those zealous and tireless co-operators in propagating the Word, who may justly say of themselves: Let a man so account of us as the ministers of Christ and the dispensers of the Mysteries of God. For Christ, like a most watchful and most faithful householder, wished that the Gospel lamp should be lit by such ministers and delegates, with fire sent down from Heaven and once lit, should not be put under a measure but set upon a candlestick, so that it may spread its brightness far and wide and put to flight, all darkness and error, rife among both Jews and Gentiles.
Now it is not enough for the Gospel teacher to be a brilliant speaker in the eyes of the people; he must also be as a voice crying in the desert and endeavour, by his eloquence, to help many to lead good lives, lest, if he omit his duty of speaking, he be called the dumb dog that is not able to bark, spoken of by the prophet. Yes, he should also burn, in such a way, that, equipped with good works and love, he may adorn his evangelical office and follow the leadership of Paul. He indeed was not satisfied with bidding the Bishop of the Ephesians: This command and teach: conduct thyself in work as a good soldier of Christ Jesus but he unflaggingly preached the Gospel to friend and foe alike and, said with a good conscience to the Bishops gathered at Ephesus: You know how I have kept back nothing that was for your good but have declared it to you and taught you in public and from house to house, urging Jews and Gentiles to turn to God in repentance and to believe in our Lord Jesus Christ.
Such should be the shepherd in the Church who, like Paul, becomes all things to all men, so that the sick may find healing in him; the sad, joy; the desperate, hope; the ignorant, instruction; those in doubt, advice; the penitent, forgiveness and comfort and finally, everyone, whatever is necessary for salvation. And so Christ, when He wished to appoint the chief teachers of the world and of the Church, did not limit Himself to saying to His disciples: You are the light of the world but also added these words: A city seated on a mountain cannot be hid. Neither do men light a candle and put it under a measure but upon a candlestick, that it may shine to all who are in the house. Those churchmen err, who imagine that it is by brilliant preaching, rather than by holiness of life and all-embracing love, they fulfil their office.” – St Peter Canisius SJ (1521-1597) Doctor of the Church (Sermon excerpt).
PRAYER – O God, Who didst give blessed Anselm to be Thy people’s minister in eternal salvation, grant we pray, that we, who have him for teacher of life here on earth, may also deserve now that he is in Heaven, to have him for an advocate. Through Jesus Christ, Thy Son our Lord, Who lives and reigns with Thee, in the unity of the Holy Ghost, God, world without end. Amen (Collect).
Saint of the Day – 21 April – Saint Anastasius Sinaita (Died c700) Abbot, Exegesis, writer, a staunch Defender of the One True Faith in all its Truths. Born in Alexandria and died at his Monastery on Mount Sinai. Also known as – Anastasius the Sinaite, … of Sinai.
The Roman Martyrology reads today: “At Antioch, St Anastasius Sinaita, Abbot.”
Anastasius’ life, between the 7th and 8th Centuries, unfolded between Alexandria and Mount Sinai, where he led a community of Monks on the path to perfection.
His tireless pen gave rise to works of polemical and exegetical discourse, combating the heresies of the time with the wisdom of the patristic tradition.
Among his writings, his ‘Guide Against Monophysitism’ is highly esteemed, rich in quotations, which testify to his vast erudition. The ‘Commentary of the Hexameron’ of which only the last book has survived intact, offers an allegorical interpretation of Genesis from a Christological perspective.
The ‘Questions and Answers’ although not in their original form, offer a glimpse of his profound knowledge of Sacred Scripture and the Church Fathers.
Five surviving Sermons allow us to grasp his eloquence and pastoral fervour.
On 20 April, in the Emperor Basil’s Calendar, St Anastasius is mentioned who, overcome by the love of Christ, left the world and, having gone, firstly to Jerusalem, then retired to Mount Sinai, where he lived humbly until his death, after having guided many Hermit Monks on the path of virtue. This Eulogy is passed into the Martyrology of Constantinople on 21 April.
St Conrad of Parzham OFM Cap (1818-1894) Franciscan Religious Lay Friar, Devotee of Blessed Sacrament and Marian, Apostle of Charity, Miracle worker with the charism of prophecy. His heroic virtues and the miracles he performed won for him the distinction to be ranked among the Blessed by Pope Pius XI in 1930. Four years later, the same pope, approving additional miracles which had been performed, solemnly inscribed his name in the list of Saints. Biography: https://anastpaul.com/2018/04/21/saint-of-the-day-21-april-st-conrad-of-parzham-ofm-cap-1818-1894/
St Crotates of Nicomedia St Cyprian of Brescia St Felix of Alexandria St Fortunatus of Alexandria St Frodulphus St Isacius of Nicomedia St Maelrubba of Applecross
St Silvius of Alexandria St Simeon of Ctesiphon St Vitalis of Alexandria Bl Vitaliy Bayrak
Saint of the Day – 20 April – St Theodore Trichinas (5th Century) Confessor, Hermit and Monk of Constantinople (modern Istanbul), Miracle-worker, graced with the charims of dispelling demons. After his death, a holy oil secreted from his tomb, had the property of curing illness.
The Roman Martyrology reads today: “The same day, St Theodore, Confessor, surnamed Trichinas, from the rough hair garment which he wore. He was renowned for many miracles but especially for his power over the demons. From his body issued a liquid which imparts health to the sick.”
Theodore is one of the great Saints of the first centuries of Christianity in the East. Although there are no dates whic confirm the lifetime of St Theodore Trichinas it is known that he lived in the 5th Century.
Theodore, a young man from Constantinople, was attracted by the austere and intense spiritual life of Monks, who, following the example of the St Anthony Abbot (250-356), were increasingly abandoning their hermitage in the desert, to live in prayerful communities, hosted in permanent Monasteries.
Tradition reports that our Saint led an austere life, dedicating much of his time to prayer. He left the world and retired to a Monastery located at the foot of Mount St Absinthe beyond Chalcedon on the Bosphorus.
This Monastery later took its name from his nickname ‘Trichinas.’ This name was given to Theodore because of the long-haired tunic which was his only clothing.
Theodore’s sanctity soon enabled him to cast out demons and perform many miracles. After his death, his tomb became a place of pilgrimage, also because a miraculous ointment supposedly leaked from his tomb and his body, had the power to curing illnesses.
The cult of St Theodore Trichinas was completely unknown until the 16th Century, when the learned hagiographer, Cardinal Cesare Baronio, introduced him into the Roman Martyrology, on 20 April.
Bl Catwallon St Domninus of Digne Bl Gerald of Salles Bl Harduin
Blessed Hildegun O.Cist. (Died 1188) Virgin, Cistercian Monk of Schönau – yes! she was disguised as a boy as a child, for her own safety and after many frightening trials, decided to retain the identity in order to enter the Cistercian Monastery as Brother Joseph. Her true identity remained a secret until her death. Or Brother Joseph!: https://anastpaul.com/2023/04/20/saint-of-the-day-20-april-blessed-hildegun-of-schonau-died-1188-virgin/
St Marcian of Auxerre St Margaret of Amelia Bl Maurice MacKenraghty St Michel Coquelet Bl Oda of Rivreulle St Sara of Antioch St Secundinus of Córdoba St Servilian
Blessed Simon Rinalducci OSA (Died 1322) Priest, Friar of the Order of the Hermits of St Augustine, noted for his theological studies, Prior of several houses, renowned Preader, Miracle-worker. Blessed Simon was a model of humility and obedience, even in the face of great trials and obvious injustices. Simon was Beatified on 19 March 1833 by Pope Gregory XVI (cultus confirmed). His Ardent Life: https://anastpaul.com/2021/04/20/saint-of-the-day-blessed-simon-rinalducci-osa-died-1322/
St Sulpicius St Theodore Trichinas (5th Century) Confessor St Theotimus of Tomi St Vincent of Digne St Wiho of Osnabrück
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Saint of the Day –19 April – St Ursmar (644-713) Bishop and Abbot of Lobbes in Belgium, Ascetic and Penitent, renowned Preacher which led him to be appointed as an itinerant missionary Bishop In France, Belfgum and Germany. Born in 644 in Belgium and died there at his See on 18 April 713. Patronages – Binche, Lobbes and Luxembourg.
The Roman Martyrology reads today: “At the Monastery of Lobbes, St Ursmar, Bishop.”
St Ursmarwas born near Avesne, in Haynault (in the Fremch-speaking region of Belgium) and grew up from his cradle, a model of all virtues, in which he made continual progress by a life of humility, patience and penance and by an assiduous application to prayer, in which he usually shed abundance of tears.
What he most earnestly asked of God was the gift of an ardent charity, in order that all his thoughts and actions, and those of all men, might, with the most pure and fervent intention and in the most perfect manner, be directed in all things, to fulfil His Holy and adorable Will.
In his conversation it was his earnest desire to induce persons of a secular life to fix their thoughts, as much as the condition of their state would allow, on heavenly things. Also, to accompany even their worldly business with such aspirations and thoughts and to study to withdraw their hearts from all attachment to creatures.
St Landelin had then lately founded the Abbey of Lobes, on the Sambre, in a territory which is now subject to the Prince of Liege, although in the diocese of Cambray. Ursmar here put on the monastic habit. When, in 686, St Landelin retired into a closer solitude, where he soon after built the Monastery of Crespin, he left Ursmar as the Abbot of Lobes.
Our Saint redoubled his fervour in all the exercises of penance in this dignity. He never tasted any flesh-meat or fish and for 10 years never once touched bread, not even in a dangerous illness.
He finished the building of his Abbey and Church and founded several other Monasteries. He often left his dear cell to preach the Faith to idolaters and sinners. He became the apostle of several districts in Cambrai, Arras, Tournay, Noyon, Terouanne, Laon, Metz, Triers, Cologne and Maestricht.
By virtue of a commission from the Holy See, he exercised the functions of a Bisho,: his predecessor, St Landelin and his 2 successors, Sts Ermin and Theodulph, were invested with the same character.
St Ursmar receives holy orders as Abbot of Lobbes Abbey in 691, probably by Saint Lambertus, the Bishop of Maastricht (19th Century relief in the Church of Saint Ursmar in Lobbes)
In his old age he resigned his Abbacy to St Ermin and died in retirement in 713, being almost sixty-nine years old, on the 18th day of April, on which he is honoured as principal Patron at Binche, Lobbes and Luxembourg but is named today, on the 19th which was the day of his burial, in the Roman and several other Martyrologies.
His Relics are venerated at Binche, 4 leagues from Mons. See his original life by a disciple, with the notes of Henschenius, also in 981, Folcuin, Abbot of Lobbes, in his accurate history of The Gests of the Abbots of Lobbes.
St Apollonius the Priest St Aristonicus of Melitene
Blessed Bernard (Died 1182) Penitent, Pilgrim, Hermit. Patronages – of sinners, convicts, prisoners, penitents, pilgrims. The Roman Martyrology: “At the Monastery of Saint-Bertin in the territory of France in Thérouanne, lies the tomb of Blessed Bernard, penitent, who, eager to atone for the sins of his youth with an austere penitence, voluntarily chose exile and, barefooted, wearing rough garments, was a tireless pilgrim to the holy places.” Dear Blessed Bernard, pray for us!: https://anastpaul.com/2023/04/19/saint-of-the-day-19-april-blessed-bernard-of-sithiu-died-1182-layman-penitent/
St Crescentius (Died c396)Deacon and Confessor of Florence, Italy. The image below shows St Zenobius seated with his Deacons, St Crescentius and St Eugenius kneeling at either side. Painting on a pillar in the Duomo Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence. The Roman Martyrology reads today: “At Florence, Crescent, Confessor, disciple of the blessed Bishop St Zenobius.” His Holy Life: https://anastpaul.com/2025/04/19/saint-of-the-day-19-april-saint-crescentius-died-c396-deacon-and-confessor/
Our dear Martyr and protector, Saint Expeditus, You who know what is necessary and what is urgently needed. I beg you to intercede before the Blessed Trinity that by your intercession, my request will be granted. …………………… (Clearly express your needs and ask him to find a way to help you.) May I receive your blessings and favours. Through our Lord Jesus Christ, in the unity of the Holy Ghost, One God with the Almighty Father. Amen.
If Saint Expeditus grants your request, place an advertisement in the local Catholic newspaper and/or your Parish Bulletin or Notice Board, thanking Saint Expeditus, so that his name and fame will grow
St Gaius of Melitene St Galata of Melitene St George of Antioch
St Pope Leo IX (1002-1054) known as “The Apostolic Pilgrim” When the German Pope Damasus II died in 1048, Bishop Bruno was selected by the Emperor, Henry III, to succeed him. Bruno agreed to go to Rome and to accept the Papacy if freely elected thereto by the Roman people. He wished, at least, to rescue the See of Peter from its servitude to the German Emperors. When, in company with Hildebrand, he reached Rome and presented himself to its people clad in pilgrim’s guise and barefooted but still tall and fair to look upon, they cried out with one voice that him and no other would they have as Pope. Assuming the name of Leo, he was solemnly enthroned on 12 February, 1049. The Apostolic Pilgrim: https://anastpaul.wordpress.com/2018/04/19/saint-of-the-day-19-april-st-pope-leo-ix-1002-1954/
St Martha of Persia St Rufus of Melitene St Timon Deacon Martyr St Ursmar (644-713) Bishop and Abbot of Lobbes in Belgium
St Vincent of Collioure
Martyrs of Carthage – 17 Saints: A group of Christians Martyred in the persecutions of Decius. We know little more than the names – Aristo, Basso, Credula, Donato, Ereda, Eremio, Fermo, Fortunata, Fortunio, Frutto, Julia, Mappalicus, Martial, Paul, Venusto, Victorinus and Victor. Died in the year 250 in prison in Carthage, North Africa (modern Tunis, Tunisia).
Saint of the Day – 18 April – Saint Amideus (Died 1265) OSM Servite Founder and Friar of the Order of the Servants of Mary. Also known as – Bartolomeo degli Amidei, Amadeus. Additional Feast on as the Seven Holy Founders.
The Roman Martyrology reads today: “In Tuscany, on Mount Senario, the blessed St Amideus, one of the Seven Holy Founders of the Order of the Servants of the Blessed Virgin Mary, very celebrated for an ardent love of God.”
Fresco of Bartolomeus Amidei (Saint AmIdeus degli Amidei)
Amideus was born to the wealthy Amidei Family in Florence. He, together with his six brother Friars founded the Order in 1233.
The Order was founded in 1233 by The Seven Holy Founders, each a member of a Patrician family of Florence, Italy.
These cloth merchants left their City, families and professions and withdrew to Monte Senario, a mountain outside Florence, for a life of poverty and penance.
The seven were: Bonfilius of Florence, born Bonfilius Monaldi (Buonfiglio dei Monaldi); Alexis of Florence, born Alexis Falconieri (Italian: Alessio Falconieri) (1200 – 17 February 1310); Manettus of Florence, born Benedict dell’Antella (Benedetto dell’ Antella); Amideus, born Bartholemew Amidei (died 1266) (also known as Bartolomeo degli Amidei); Hugh of Florence, born Ricovero Uguccioni (Hugh dei Lippi Uggucioni (Ricovero dei Lippi-Ugguccioni)); Sostene of Florence, born Gerardino Sostegni (Gherardino di Sostegno); and Buonagiunta of Florence, born John Manetti (Giovanni di Buonagiunta (Bonajuncta)). They were Cnonised by Pope Leo XIII on 15 January 1888.
St Gebuinus of Lyons St Genocus St Hermogenes of Melitene
Blessed Idesbald O.Cist (c1095-1167) Cistercian Priest and Abbot of Ten Duinen Abbey, Our Lady of the Dunes. The Roman Martyrology states: “In Bruges in Flanders, in today’s Belgium, Blessed Idesbald, Abbot, who, soon became a widower and exercised for another thirty years, duties in the palace of the Counts, entered the Monastery of Dune at a mature age, which he held holy, as the third Abbot for twelve years.” His Body is Incorrupt. His Life of Grace: https://anastpaul.com/2021/04/18/saint-of-the-day-18-april-blessed-idesbald-of-dunes-o-cist-c-1095-1167/
St Perfectus (Died 850) Priest and Martyr of Córdobain Spain. His Martyrdom was recorded by Saint Eulogius in the Memoriale Sanctorum. The Roman Martyrology reads today: “At Córdoba, St Perfect, Priest and Martyr, killed by the Moors for inveighing against the followers of Mohammed.” His Life and Death: https://anastpaul.com/2025/04/18/saint-of-the-day-18-april-st-perfectus-died-850-priest-and-martyr/
St Pusicio St Ursmar of Lobbes St Wigbert of Augsburg
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